double check valve or double check assembly (DCA) is a backflow prevention device designed to protect water supplies from contamination. It consists of two check valves assembled in series usually with a ball valve or gate valve installed at each end for isolation and testing. Often, test cocks (very small ball valves) are in place to attach test equipment for evaluating whether the double check assembly is still functional.
The double check valve assembly is suitable for prevention of back pressure and back siphonage, but is not suitable for high hazard applications. It is commonly used on lawn irrigation, fire sprinkler and combi-boiler systems.
2007年8月29日星期三
shower valve
A Pressure balanced shower valve, which is a requirement in some municipalities, provides constant water pressure to a shower to prevent fluctuations in water temperature.
It is designed to safely maintain water temperature, despite pressure fluctuations in the hot and/or cold supply, as when someone flushes the toilet. The flush pulls the greater majority of the cold water pressure to refilling the tank, thus the other open valve (shower, in our example) will have it's cold water pressure drop and you end up getting all hot water. The opposite can happen when someone turns on the hot water valve elsewhere in the house, even the same bathroom; and you get the ice cold shower.
The pressure-balanced shower valve compensates for changes in water pressure. It has a diaphragm or piston inside that reacts with a change in hot and/or cold water pressure to balance the pressure. These valves keep water temperature constant, within a few degrees Fahrenheit.
The municipalities that require the use of this valve do so to prevent the scalding example from happening, in particular to the elderly or other extreme sensitive types.
It is designed to safely maintain water temperature, despite pressure fluctuations in the hot and/or cold supply, as when someone flushes the toilet. The flush pulls the greater majority of the cold water pressure to refilling the tank, thus the other open valve (shower, in our example) will have it's cold water pressure drop and you end up getting all hot water. The opposite can happen when someone turns on the hot water valve elsewhere in the house, even the same bathroom; and you get the ice cold shower.
The pressure-balanced shower valve compensates for changes in water pressure. It has a diaphragm or piston inside that reacts with a change in hot and/or cold water pressure to balance the pressure. These valves keep water temperature constant, within a few degrees Fahrenheit.
The municipalities that require the use of this valve do so to prevent the scalding example from happening, in particular to the elderly or other extreme sensitive types.
2007年8月27日星期一
Air shower (room)
The term air shower can refer to the specialized antechamber which is passed through before entering a cleanroom in order to blow off excess dust particles from cleanroom personnel before they enter, to minimize contamination. HEPA filters are generally used to decontaminate a room by filtering out particles greater than 0.3 micrometres in size.
2007年8月25日星期六
The Shower Head
Kramer and Jerry are not pleased with the new "low-flow" shower heads that the building's maintenance people have put in for them. Elaine is surprised to find out that she has tested positive for opium. Mr. Peterman denies her a trip to Africa they were going to take. Kramer asks to use Elaine's shower, and is mistaken by Peterman as a drug addict. Jerry is frustrated by the fact that his parents aren't moving back to Florida and George is elated because his parents are considering moving to Florida. George's parents decide to go to annoy the Seinfelds, but the Seinfelds find out and decide to stay, causing the Costanzas to stay.
Jerry's Uncle Leo complains about an overcooked hamburger and says the cook is anti-Semitic, which Jerry jokes about on the Tonight Show. Leo's girlfriend laughs at this, Leo calls her anti-Semitic, and they break up. Elaine discovers her opium results were from her eating poppyseed muffins. After she is about to retake the test and believes she accidentally ate poppyseeds in some chicken, and still desperate to go to Africa, she asks Jerry's mom to take a urine sample for her. Elaine is later shocked to find that the urine sample proved that Jerry's mom has osteoporosis and is menopausal.
Kramer and Newman get new showerheads from the black market. The one Kramer gets is for elephants at a circus, and the pressure is too high as a result.
Jerry's Uncle Leo complains about an overcooked hamburger and says the cook is anti-Semitic, which Jerry jokes about on the Tonight Show. Leo's girlfriend laughs at this, Leo calls her anti-Semitic, and they break up. Elaine discovers her opium results were from her eating poppyseed muffins. After she is about to retake the test and believes she accidentally ate poppyseeds in some chicken, and still desperate to go to Africa, she asks Jerry's mom to take a urine sample for her. Elaine is later shocked to find that the urine sample proved that Jerry's mom has osteoporosis and is menopausal.
Kramer and Newman get new showerheads from the black market. The one Kramer gets is for elephants at a circus, and the pressure is too high as a result.
Chicago Faucet
The Chicago Faucet Company, founded on the near west side of Chicago, Illinois, has been producing faucets and other plumbing fixtures since 1911. The company founder, Albert C. Brown, invented a valve in 1913 that worked with the flow of water that made it both easy to open and close the spigots and forestalled the development of leaks. In 2002 the Swiss Geberit Group acquired Chicago Faucet. Currently the Chicago Faucet Company has its headquarters in Des Plaines, Illinois, and employs over 500 people in Des Plaines, Milwaukee, Elyria, Ohio, Michigan City, Indiana and Huntsville, Alabama Chicago Faucet has sales in the neighborhood of $70 million a year
2007年8月21日星期二
How to Tile a Shower
Gutted Shower StallGut the shower stall down to the studs. You may need to remove the shower pan and ceiling, as well.
Installed HardibackerPut up a sturdy cement board backer. Putting up cement board is just like putting up drywall. You cut it to fit, and then screw it to the studs. Leave a 1/8" gap between panels. Use a hole saw to cut the holes where the shower head and handles would come through. Make the cement board flush with the tile lip of your shower pan by using shims behind the board to bring it out to the desired thickness. Use 100% silicone caulk to seal the seams between the panels.
Measure up from the bottom of the backerboard the height of a tile minus 1/2". This will give you a 1/2" overlap over the tile lip on your shower pan. Mark this with a sharpie and using a level, transfer the mark across the shower stall. This will be a guide for the top of the first row so that all tiles will be level.
Mix enough thinset for the bottom row.
Dampen the cement board with a sponge. If you do not, the cement board will draw the moisture out of the thinset too quickly, making for a brittle set that is susceptible to cracking.
Laying the First RowTrowel on some thinset and spread it with a notched trowel. Then set the tile into it by twisting slightly while pushing into the thinset. Remove the tile to make sure you have good coverage on the back. Reinstall and keep setting tiles using spacers in between. Let the bottom row set up for 24 hours.
Repeat the procedure, setting each row of tile on top of the last row of tile. Continue until you reach the top of the shower stall.
Measure up from top of the last row. Mark line with a level as guide for next row.
Spread thinset between last row of tile and marked line with v-notched trowel.
Set tile into thinset using spacers all around.
Repeat for next row up.
Let the tile set for 48 hours
Floating Grout into SpacesGrout the tile. Mix up a batch of grout and use a sponge float to smooth it into the joints. After 30-40 minutes (check the directions on the bag of grout) you want to wipe the excess grout with a damp sponge and a circular motion. Keep wiping with a clean sponge until the tile is clear.
Let the grout cure for 24-48 hours before sealing.
Tips Make sure you use tiles made for walls and follow the directions on the bag of thinset as to what type of trowel you will need.
Do not use Mastic, use a thinset and stay away from the premixed stuff.
Pick out the right trowel for your thinset and tile size, also pay attention to spacing recommendations and use the right spacers. Use 1/8” or less spacing so that you can use unsanded grout (easier to seal).
Remember you are not going to grout at the corners, you are going to caulk, so try to maintain an even spacing.
Place card board cut to the shape of your shower pan and taped in place to avoid damaging the fixture.
Installed HardibackerPut up a sturdy cement board backer. Putting up cement board is just like putting up drywall. You cut it to fit, and then screw it to the studs. Leave a 1/8" gap between panels. Use a hole saw to cut the holes where the shower head and handles would come through. Make the cement board flush with the tile lip of your shower pan by using shims behind the board to bring it out to the desired thickness. Use 100% silicone caulk to seal the seams between the panels.
Measure up from the bottom of the backerboard the height of a tile minus 1/2". This will give you a 1/2" overlap over the tile lip on your shower pan. Mark this with a sharpie and using a level, transfer the mark across the shower stall. This will be a guide for the top of the first row so that all tiles will be level.
Mix enough thinset for the bottom row.
Dampen the cement board with a sponge. If you do not, the cement board will draw the moisture out of the thinset too quickly, making for a brittle set that is susceptible to cracking.
Laying the First RowTrowel on some thinset and spread it with a notched trowel. Then set the tile into it by twisting slightly while pushing into the thinset. Remove the tile to make sure you have good coverage on the back. Reinstall and keep setting tiles using spacers in between. Let the bottom row set up for 24 hours.
Repeat the procedure, setting each row of tile on top of the last row of tile. Continue until you reach the top of the shower stall.
Measure up from top of the last row. Mark line with a level as guide for next row.
Spread thinset between last row of tile and marked line with v-notched trowel.
Set tile into thinset using spacers all around.
Repeat for next row up.
Let the tile set for 48 hours
Floating Grout into SpacesGrout the tile. Mix up a batch of grout and use a sponge float to smooth it into the joints. After 30-40 minutes (check the directions on the bag of grout) you want to wipe the excess grout with a damp sponge and a circular motion. Keep wiping with a clean sponge until the tile is clear.
Let the grout cure for 24-48 hours before sealing.
Tips Make sure you use tiles made for walls and follow the directions on the bag of thinset as to what type of trowel you will need.
Do not use Mastic, use a thinset and stay away from the premixed stuff.
Pick out the right trowel for your thinset and tile size, also pay attention to spacing recommendations and use the right spacers. Use 1/8” or less spacing so that you can use unsanded grout (easier to seal).
Remember you are not going to grout at the corners, you are going to caulk, so try to maintain an even spacing.
Place card board cut to the shape of your shower pan and taped in place to avoid damaging the fixture.
2007年8月19日星期日
Shower rooms
A shower is a process of bathing by application of sprayed water upon the body; the term also refers the component of a typical modern bathroom that provides such a function. It offers an effective method of personal hygiene through a spraying of the body with hot or cold water as desired, often in combination with soap, shampoo or shower gel. It is also a more efficient use of water and the power necessary to heat it than taking a bath. By definition, a half bathroom does not include a shower; a full bath may include a full shower.
Showering results in a few phases, in which the skin, and usually the hair, are wet with water. Then the cleansing products are applied, allowed to work, and subsequently rinsed out. If necessary, soaping and rinsing is re-performed.
Too frequent showering with cleansing products can damage the skin and hair. In order to protect the hair, a shower cap may be used.
Constant use of soaps or soap-based products in the shower can produce soap scum on the walls or floors, caused by the reaction of soap with lime in hard water. One of the advantages of using a shower gel instead of soap is that this soap scum does not form, reducing cleaning and maintenance of the shower.
Showering results in a few phases, in which the skin, and usually the hair, are wet with water. Then the cleansing products are applied, allowed to work, and subsequently rinsed out. If necessary, soaping and rinsing is re-performed.
Too frequent showering with cleansing products can damage the skin and hair. In order to protect the hair, a shower cap may be used.
Constant use of soaps or soap-based products in the shower can produce soap scum on the walls or floors, caused by the reaction of soap with lime in hard water. One of the advantages of using a shower gel instead of soap is that this soap scum does not form, reducing cleaning and maintenance of the shower.
Check valve
A check valve is a mechanical device, a valve, that normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction. Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of applications. Check valves are often part of common household items. Although they are available in a wide range of sizes and costs, many check valves are very small, simple, and/or cheap. Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person or any external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. The bodies (external shells) of most check valves are made of plastic or metal.
An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will operate. Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore be specified for a specific cracking pressure.
Heart valves are essentially inlet and outlet check valves for the heart ventricles, since the ventricles act as a pump
A Ball check valve is a check valve in which the disc, the movable part to block the flow, is a spherical ball. In many ball check valves, the ball is spring-loaded to stay shut, but also many do not have a spring inside. The interior surface of the seats of ball check valves are more or less conically-tapered to guide the ball into the seat and/or form a positive seal when stopping reverse flow.
Ball check valves are often very small, simple, and cheap (although some are expensive). They are commonly used in liquid or gel mini-pump dispenser spigots, spray devices, some rubber bulbs for pumping air, etc., manual air pumps and some other pumps, and refillable dispensing syringes. Although the balls are most often made of metal, they can be made of other materials, or in some specialized cases out of artificial ruby. High pressure HPLC pumps and similar applications commonly use small inlet and outlet ball check valves with balls made of artificial ruby and seats made of artificial sapphire, both for hardness and chemical resistance. After prolonged use, such check valves can eventually wear out or the seat can develop a crack, requiring replacement. Therefore, such valves are made to be replaceable, sometimes placed in a small plastic body tightly-fitted inside a metal fitting which can withstand high pressure and which is screwed into the pump head.
An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will operate. Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore be specified for a specific cracking pressure.
Heart valves are essentially inlet and outlet check valves for the heart ventricles, since the ventricles act as a pump
A Ball check valve is a check valve in which the disc, the movable part to block the flow, is a spherical ball. In many ball check valves, the ball is spring-loaded to stay shut, but also many do not have a spring inside. The interior surface of the seats of ball check valves are more or less conically-tapered to guide the ball into the seat and/or form a positive seal when stopping reverse flow.
Ball check valves are often very small, simple, and cheap (although some are expensive). They are commonly used in liquid or gel mini-pump dispenser spigots, spray devices, some rubber bulbs for pumping air, etc., manual air pumps and some other pumps, and refillable dispensing syringes. Although the balls are most often made of metal, they can be made of other materials, or in some specialized cases out of artificial ruby. High pressure HPLC pumps and similar applications commonly use small inlet and outlet ball check valves with balls made of artificial ruby and seats made of artificial sapphire, both for hardness and chemical resistance. After prolonged use, such check valves can eventually wear out or the seat can develop a crack, requiring replacement. Therefore, such valves are made to be replaceable, sometimes placed in a small plastic body tightly-fitted inside a metal fitting which can withstand high pressure and which is screwed into the pump head.
newsun ball valves
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2007年8月16日星期四
Valve operating positions
2-way valves
2-port valves are commonly called 2-way valves. Operating positions for such valves can be either shut (closed) so that no flow at all goes through, fully open for maximum flow, or sometimes partially open to any degree in between. Many valves are not designed to precisely control intermediate degree of flow; such valves are considered to be either open or shut, with maybe qualitative descriptions in between. Some valves are specially designed to regulate varying amounts of flow. Such valves have been called by various names like regulating, throttling, metering, or needle valves. For example, needle valves have elongated conically-tapered discs and matching seats for fine flow control. For some valves, there may be a mechanism to indicate how much the valve is open, but in many cases other indications of flow rate are used, such as separate flow meters.
In some plants with fluid systems, some 2-way valves can be designated as normally shut or normally open during regular operation. Examples of normally shut valves are sampling valves, which are only opened while a sample is taken. Examples of normally open valves are isolation valves, which are usually only shut when there is a problem with a unit or a section of a fluid system such as a leak. Then, isolation valve(s) are shut in order to isolate the problem from the rest of the system.
Although many 2-way valves are made in which the flow can go in either direction between the two ports, when a valve is placed into a certain application, flow is often expected to go from one certain port on the upstream side of the valve, to the other port on the downstream side. Pressure regulators are variations of valves in which flow is controlled to produce a certain downstream pressure, if possible. They are often used to control flow of gas from a gas cylinder. A back-pressure regulator is a variation of a valve in which flow is controlled to maintain a certain upstream pressure, if possible.
3-way valves
3-way valves have three ports. 3-way valves are commonly made such that flow coming in at one port can be directed to either the second port in one position or the third port in another position or in an intermediate position so all flow is stopped. Often such 3-way valves are ball or rotor valves. Many faucets are made so that incoming cold and hot water can be regulated in varying degrees to give outcoming water at a desired temperature. Other kinds of 3-port valves can be designed for other possible flow-directing schemes and positions; for example, see Ball valve.
The "motor valve" on a domestic heating system is an example of a 3-way valve. Depending on demand the motor head rotates the spindle to control the proportion of the flow that goes to the two outlet pipes: One to radiators, one to hot water system. In a conventional system the valve usually sits just after the pump and by the cylinder ("hot tank").
In valves having more than 3 ports, even more flow-directing schemes are possible. For examples, see this external site. Such valves are often rotor valves or ball valves. Slider valves have been used also.
2-port valves are commonly called 2-way valves. Operating positions for such valves can be either shut (closed) so that no flow at all goes through, fully open for maximum flow, or sometimes partially open to any degree in between. Many valves are not designed to precisely control intermediate degree of flow; such valves are considered to be either open or shut, with maybe qualitative descriptions in between. Some valves are specially designed to regulate varying amounts of flow. Such valves have been called by various names like regulating, throttling, metering, or needle valves. For example, needle valves have elongated conically-tapered discs and matching seats for fine flow control. For some valves, there may be a mechanism to indicate how much the valve is open, but in many cases other indications of flow rate are used, such as separate flow meters.
In some plants with fluid systems, some 2-way valves can be designated as normally shut or normally open during regular operation. Examples of normally shut valves are sampling valves, which are only opened while a sample is taken. Examples of normally open valves are isolation valves, which are usually only shut when there is a problem with a unit or a section of a fluid system such as a leak. Then, isolation valve(s) are shut in order to isolate the problem from the rest of the system.
Although many 2-way valves are made in which the flow can go in either direction between the two ports, when a valve is placed into a certain application, flow is often expected to go from one certain port on the upstream side of the valve, to the other port on the downstream side. Pressure regulators are variations of valves in which flow is controlled to produce a certain downstream pressure, if possible. They are often used to control flow of gas from a gas cylinder. A back-pressure regulator is a variation of a valve in which flow is controlled to maintain a certain upstream pressure, if possible.
3-way valves
3-way valves have three ports. 3-way valves are commonly made such that flow coming in at one port can be directed to either the second port in one position or the third port in another position or in an intermediate position so all flow is stopped. Often such 3-way valves are ball or rotor valves. Many faucets are made so that incoming cold and hot water can be regulated in varying degrees to give outcoming water at a desired temperature. Other kinds of 3-port valves can be designed for other possible flow-directing schemes and positions; for example, see Ball valve.
The "motor valve" on a domestic heating system is an example of a 3-way valve. Depending on demand the motor head rotates the spindle to control the proportion of the flow that goes to the two outlet pipes: One to radiators, one to hot water system. In a conventional system the valve usually sits just after the pump and by the cylinder ("hot tank").
In valves having more than 3 ports, even more flow-directing schemes are possible. For examples, see this external site. Such valves are often rotor valves or ball valves. Slider valves have been used also.
Valve
A valve is a device that regulates the flow of substances (either gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or liquids) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but usually are discussed separately.
Valves are used in a variety of applications including industrial, military, commercial, residential, transportation. Plumbing valves are the most obvious in everyday life, but many more are used.
Some valves are driven by pressure only, they are mainly used for safety purposes in steam engines and domestic heating or cooking appliances. Others are used in a controlled way, like in Otto cycle engines driven by a camshaft, where they play a major role in engine cycle control.
Application
Valves are typically rated for maximum temperature and pressure by the manufacturer. The wetted materials in a valve are usually identified also. Some valves rated at very high pressures are available. When a designer, engineer, or user decides to use a valve for an application, he/she should ensure the rated maximum temperature and pressure are never exceeded and that the wetted materials are compatible with the fluid the valve interior is exposed to.
Some fluid system designs, especially in chemical or power plants, are schematically represented in piping and instrumentation diagrams. In such diagrams, different types of valves are represented by certain symbols.
Valves in good condition should be leak-free. However, valves may eventually wear out from use and develop a leak, either between the inside and outside of the valve or, when the valve is shut to stop flow, between the disc and the seat. A particle trapped between the seat and disc could also cause such leakage.
Valves are used in a variety of applications including industrial, military, commercial, residential, transportation. Plumbing valves are the most obvious in everyday life, but many more are used.
Some valves are driven by pressure only, they are mainly used for safety purposes in steam engines and domestic heating or cooking appliances. Others are used in a controlled way, like in Otto cycle engines driven by a camshaft, where they play a major role in engine cycle control.
Application
A large variety of valves are available and have many applications with sizes ranging from tiny to huge. The cost of valves ranges from very cheap simple disposable valves, in some items to very expensive valves for specialized applications. Often not realized by some, small valves are even inside some common household items including liquid or gel mini-pump dispenser spigots, spray devices, some rubber bulbs for pumping air, etc., manual air pumps and some other pumps, and laundry washers. Valves are almost as ubiquitous as electrical switches. Often a valve is part of some object, the valve body and the object made in one piece; for example, a separatory funnel. Faucets, taps, and spigots are all variations of valves. Many fluid systems such as water and natural gas lines in houses and other buildings have valves. Fluid systems in chemical and power plants and other facilities have numerous valves to control
Other considerations
Valves are typically rated for maximum temperature and pressure by the manufacturer. The wetted materials in a valve are usually identified also. Some valves rated at very high pressures are available. When a designer, engineer, or user decides to use a valve for an application, he/she should ensure the rated maximum temperature and pressure are never exceeded and that the wetted materials are compatible with the fluid the valve interior is exposed to.
Some fluid system designs, especially in chemical or power plants, are schematically represented in piping and instrumentation diagrams. In such diagrams, different types of valves are represented by certain symbols.
Valves in good condition should be leak-free. However, valves may eventually wear out from use and develop a leak, either between the inside and outside of the valve or, when the valve is shut to stop flow, between the disc and the seat. A particle trapped between the seat and disc could also cause such leakage.
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