A Pressure balanced shower valve, which is a requirement in some municipalities, provides constant water pressure to a shower to prevent fluctuations in water temperature.
It is designed to safely maintain water temperature, despite pressure fluctuations in the hot and/or cold supply, as when someone flushes the toilet. The flush pulls the greater majority of the cold water pressure to refilling the tank, thus the other open valve (shower, in our example) will have it's cold water pressure drop and you end up getting all hot water. The opposite can happen when someone turns on the hot water valve elsewhere in the house, even the same bathroom; and you get the ice cold shower.
The pressure-balanced shower valve compensates for changes in water pressure. It has a diaphragm or piston inside that reacts with a change in hot and/or cold water pressure to balance the pressure. These valves keep water temperature constant, within a few degrees Fahrenheit.
The municipalities that require the use of this valve do so to prevent the scalding example from happening, in particular to the elderly or other extreme sensitive types.
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